Taylor B. Predicting Real World Hearing Aid Benefit with Speech Audiometry: An Evidence-Based Review; 2007 May 07 [cited 2013 Feb 08]. Available from: http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/predicting-real-world-hearing-aid-946.
Madel J, Flexer C. Pediatric Audiology: Diagnosis, Technology, and Management. Thieme Medical Publishers; 2008. Chapter 10, Evaluation of Speech Perception in Infants and Children, p89-105.
Gordon-Salant S. Age-related differences in speech recognition performance as a function of test format and paradigm. Ear Hear. 1987 Oct;8(5):277-82. PubMed PMID: 3678641.
Nilsson M, Soli S D, Sullivan, J A. Development of the Hearing In Noise Test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1085 (1994), DOI:10.1121/1.408469.
Organisation: Hearing Institute, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Email: mareike.buhl@pasteur.fr
Date originally authored: 2025-12-01
Organisation: Hearing Institute, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Email: mareike.buhl@pasteur.fr
Date originally authored: 2025-12-01
Kathy Currie, Northern Territory Health, Australia
Sam Heard, Ocean Informatics, Australia (Editor)
Anthony Leech, Hearing Health, Australia
Kerrie Lee, Ngaanyatjarra Health Service, Australia
Heather Leslie, Atomica Informatics, Australia (Editor)
Ian McNicoll, Ocean Informatics UK, United Kingdom
Kirsten Wagener, Hörzentum Oldenburg, Germany
Tahereh Afghah, Hörzentum Oldenburg, Germany
Ania Warzybok, University of Oldenburg and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Germany
Birger Kollmeier, University of Oldenburg and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Germany
Lena Schell-Majoor, University of Oldenburg and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Germany
Mareike Buhl, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, originalLanguage=en, translators=, subjectOfData=unconstrained, archetypeTranslationTree=null, topLevelToAshis={items=[], contacts=[], state=[ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/state[at0023]/items[at0164], code=at0164, itemType=CLUSTER, level=4, text=Hearing device during test, description=Information about hearing device use during the speech test., comment=null, uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=1..*, cardinalityText=, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CLUSTER, bindings=null, values=, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/state[at0023]/items[at0164]/items[at0165], code=at0165, itemType=SLOT, level=5, text=Hearing device, description=Details of the hearing device used., comment=For example: hearing aid or cochlear implant as type of device., uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=1..1, occurencesText=Mandatory, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CLUSTER, bindings=null, values=Include:
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- Left [The hearing device is worn at the left side.]
- Right [The hearing device is worn at the right side.]
Coded Text- Native [Listener is native speaker in the presented test language.]
- Fluent [Listener is fluent in the presented test language.]
- Basic [Listener has only basic proficiency in the presented test language.]
- None [Listener has no proficiency in the presented test language.]
Text
- Left ear [Left ear was tested.]
- Right ear [Right ear was tested.]
- Binaural [Binaurally tested.]
Units: -50.0..200.0 dB[SPL]{SPL}
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- Percent
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- Percent
- Fraction
Units: -50.0..200.0 dB[SPL]{SPL}
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Units: -50.0..200.0 dB[SPL]{SNR}
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openEHR-EHR-CLUSTER.exclusion_
- Coded Text
- English [Test stimuli are in English.]
- French [Test stimuli are in French.]
- Spanish [Test stimuli are in Spanish.]
- German [Test stimuli are in German.]
- Italian [Test stimuli are in Italian.]
- ...
- Text
- Female [Stimuli presented by a female talker.]
- Male [Stimuli presented by a male talker.]
- Synthetic female [Stimuli presented by a synthetically generated female voice.]
- Synthetic male [Stimuli presented by a synthetically generated male voice.]
- Sentence [An announcement sentence is presented prior to each stimulus.]
- Non-speech auditory cue [A non-speech auditory announcement is presented prior to each stimulus (e.g., beep).]
- Visual cue [A visual cue is presented prior to each stimulus (e.g., flashing light).]
- Without [No announcement prior to each stimulus.]
- Speech [The speech level is kept constant during the measurement.]
- Noise [The noise level is kept constant during the measurement.]
Units: -50.0..200.0 dB[SPL]{SPL}
Limit decimal places: 2, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107], code=at0107, itemType=CLUSTER, level=2, text=Adaptive test procedure details, description=The parameters of the adaptive test procedure., comment=Applicable for adaptive measurements. , uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=1..*, cardinalityText=, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CLUSTER, bindings=null, values=, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107]/items[at0091], code=at0091, itemType=ELEMENT, level=3, text=Starting level of varied stimulus, description=The initial presentation level of the stimulus varied during the measurement., comment=Speech level for measurements in quiet and varied stimulus level for measurements in noise. , uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=C_DV_QUANTITY, bindings=null, values=Property: Loudness
Units: dB
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Units: dB
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Units: dB
Limit decimal places: 0, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0070], code=at0070, itemType=ELEMENT, level=2, text=Type of speech stimulus, description=The type of speech stimulus used., comment=null, uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=1..1, occurencesText=Mandatory, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CHOICE, bindings=null, values=Choice of:
- Coded Text
- Nonsense syllable [A consonant-vowel (CV) or CCV or VC or VCC item that is not a real word but is phonotactically correct.]
- Nonsense CVC [Nonsense word comprising a consonant, then a vowel, then a final consonant, for example, "wub" or "yat".]
- Nonsense word [A speech stimulus that is not a real word but is phonotactically correct.]
- Monosyllabic word [A word comprised of a single syllable. For example, 'green'.]
- Spondee word [A word comprised of 2 syllables with equal stress on each syllable. For example, 'sunshine'.]
- Trochee word [A word that is comprised of two syllables with stress on the first syllable. For example 'bucket'.]
- Matrix sentence [Sentence composed of a fixed syntactical structure without meaningful context.]
- Meaningful sentence [A grammatical unit of one or more words that expresses an independent statement, question, request, command, exclamation, everyday-sentences etc.]
- Number [A number.]
- Digit triplet [A sequence of three digits.]
- Phoneme [A phoneme.]
- Text
- Coded Text
- White noise [Noise that has the same power at all frequencies (i.e., a flat power spectrum).]
- Speech spectrum noise [Noise spectrum that approximates the average long term spectrum of adult male speech and has a slope below 100 Hz of +6 dB/octave, a flat spectrum between 100 Hz and 320 Hz, and above 320 Hz a slope of -6 dB/octave.]
- Multitalker babble [A recording of the voices of many people who are talking simultaneously, resulting in an unintelligible babble.]
- Alternate speaker [The masker is a single person speaking and this speaker is different to the speaker used for the test stimulus.]
- Text
- Coded Text
- Sound treated room [Test environment that has been treated acoustically.]
- Non-sound treated room [Test environment that has not been treated acoustically.]
- Free-field [Room with free-field characteristics, also called 'anechoic room'.]
- Text
openEHR-EHR-CLUSTER.device.v1, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0172], code=at0172, itemType=ELEMENT, level=2, text=Presentation method, description=The method used to present the test stimuli., comment=null, uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CHOICE, bindings=null, values=Choice of:
- Coded Text
- Loudspeaker [The stimulus is presented via a loudspeaker.]
- Insert earphone [The stimulus is presented via insert earphones.]
- Headphone [The stimulus is presented via external headphones - either circumaural or supraaural.]
- Direct streaming to sound processor [The stimulus is directly streamed to the sound processor of a hearing device.]
- Live voice [The stimulus is spoken.]
- Text
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- Auditory test [An auditory stimulus is presented to the test subject.]
- Audiovisual test [A combination of auditory and visual stimuli are presented to the test subject.]
- Visual test [A visual stimulus is presented to the test subject.]
- Open set [The response set is unlimited.]
- Closed set [The response set is limited.]
- Computer [The response is entered via a software interface.]
- Vocal [The response is given verbally.]
- Picture pointing [The response is given by pointing to a picture of the stimulus item.]
- Written response alternatives [The response is given by pointing to written text corresponding to the stimulus item.]
- Concrete object pointing [The response is given by pointing to a 3-dimensional object.]
- Word scoring [Counting correct words in responses.]
- Sentence scoring [Counting correct sentences in responses.]
- Phoneme scoring [Counting correct phonemes in responses.]
- Keyword scoring [Counting correct keywords in responses.]
- Coded Text
- English [Test stimuli are in English.]
- French [Test stimuli are in French.]
- Spanish [Test stimuli are in Spanish.]
- German [Test stimuli are in German.]
- Italian [Test stimuli are in Italian.]
- ...
- Text
- Female [Stimuli presented by a female talker.]
- Male [Stimuli presented by a male talker.]
- Synthetic female [Stimuli presented by a synthetically generated female voice.]
- Synthetic male [Stimuli presented by a synthetically generated male voice.]
- Sentence [An announcement sentence is presented prior to each stimulus.]
- Non-speech auditory cue [A non-speech auditory announcement is presented prior to each stimulus (e.g., beep).]
- Visual cue [A visual cue is presented prior to each stimulus (e.g., flashing light).]
- Without [No announcement prior to each stimulus.]
- Speech [The speech level is kept constant during the measurement.]
- Noise [The noise level is kept constant during the measurement.]
Units: -50.0..200.0 dB[SPL]{SPL}
Limit decimal places: 2, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107], code=at0107, itemType=CLUSTER, level=2, text=Adaptive test procedure details, description=The parameters of the adaptive test procedure., comment=Applicable for adaptive measurements. , uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=1..*, cardinalityText=, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CLUSTER, bindings=null, values=, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107]/items[at0091], code=at0091, itemType=ELEMENT, level=3, text=Starting level of varied stimulus, description=The initial presentation level of the stimulus varied during the measurement., comment=Speech level for measurements in quiet and varied stimulus level for measurements in noise. , uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=C_DV_QUANTITY, bindings=null, values=Property: Loudness
Units: dB
Limit decimal places: 0, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107]/items[at0090], code=at0090, itemType=ELEMENT, level=3, text=Starting step size, description=The initial level stepsize for level changes after a response., comment=Applicable for adaptive tests., uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=C_DV_QUANTITY, bindings=null, values=Property: Loudness
Units: dB
Limit decimal places: 0, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0107]/items[at0109], code=at0109, itemType=ELEMENT, level=3, text=Final step size, description=The final level stepsize for level changes after a response., comment=Applicable for adaptive tests., uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=C_DV_QUANTITY, bindings=null, values=Property: Loudness
Units: dB
Limit decimal places: 0, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0070], code=at0070, itemType=ELEMENT, level=2, text=Type of speech stimulus, description=The type of speech stimulus used., comment=null, uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=1..1, occurencesText=Mandatory, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CHOICE, bindings=null, values=Choice of:
- Coded Text
- Nonsense syllable [A consonant-vowel (CV) or CCV or VC or VCC item that is not a real word but is phonotactically correct.]
- Nonsense CVC [Nonsense word comprising a consonant, then a vowel, then a final consonant, for example, "wub" or "yat".]
- Nonsense word [A speech stimulus that is not a real word but is phonotactically correct.]
- Monosyllabic word [A word comprised of a single syllable. For example, 'green'.]
- Spondee word [A word comprised of 2 syllables with equal stress on each syllable. For example, 'sunshine'.]
- Trochee word [A word that is comprised of two syllables with stress on the first syllable. For example 'bucket'.]
- Matrix sentence [Sentence composed of a fixed syntactical structure without meaningful context.]
- Meaningful sentence [A grammatical unit of one or more words that expresses an independent statement, question, request, command, exclamation, everyday-sentences etc.]
- Number [A number.]
- Digit triplet [A sequence of three digits.]
- Phoneme [A phoneme.]
- Text
- Coded Text
- White noise [Noise that has the same power at all frequencies (i.e., a flat power spectrum).]
- Speech spectrum noise [Noise spectrum that approximates the average long term spectrum of adult male speech and has a slope below 100 Hz of +6 dB/octave, a flat spectrum between 100 Hz and 320 Hz, and above 320 Hz a slope of -6 dB/octave.]
- Multitalker babble [A recording of the voices of many people who are talking simultaneously, resulting in an unintelligible babble.]
- Alternate speaker [The masker is a single person speaking and this speaker is different to the speaker used for the test stimulus.]
- Text
- Coded Text
- Sound treated room [Test environment that has been treated acoustically.]
- Non-sound treated room [Test environment that has not been treated acoustically.]
- Free-field [Room with free-field characteristics, also called 'anechoic room'.]
- Text
openEHR-EHR-CLUSTER.device.v1, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0172], code=at0172, itemType=ELEMENT, level=2, text=Presentation method, description=The method used to present the test stimuli., comment=null, uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=0..1, occurencesText=Optional, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=CHOICE, bindings=null, values=Choice of:
- Coded Text
- Loudspeaker [The stimulus is presented via a loudspeaker.]
- Insert earphone [The stimulus is presented via insert earphones.]
- Headphone [The stimulus is presented via external headphones - either circumaural or supraaural.]
- Direct streaming to sound processor [The stimulus is directly streamed to the sound processor of a hearing device.]
- Live voice [The stimulus is spoken.]
- Text
openEHR-EHR-CLUSTER.device.v1, extendedValues=null], ResourceSimplifiedHierarchyItem [path=/protocol[at0032]/items[at0093], code=at0093, itemType=ELEMENT, level=2, text=Presented sensory modalities, description=The method used to present the speech test stimulus., comment=For example: a visual stimulus can be used to test lip reading skills., uncommonOntologyItems=null, occurencesFormal=1..1, occurencesText=Mandatory, cardinalityFormal=null, cardinalityText=null, subCardinalityFormal=null, subCardinalityText=null, dataType=DV_CODED_TEXT, bindings=null, values=
- Auditory test [An auditory stimulus is presented to the test subject.]
- Audiovisual test [A combination of auditory and visual stimuli are presented to the test subject.]
- Visual test [A visual stimulus is presented to the test subject.]
- Open set [The response set is unlimited.]
- Closed set [The response set is limited.]
- Computer [The response is entered via a software interface.]
- Vocal [The response is given verbally.]
- Picture pointing [The response is given by pointing to a picture of the stimulus item.]
- Written response alternatives [The response is given by pointing to written text corresponding to the stimulus item.]
- Concrete object pointing [The response is given by pointing to a 3-dimensional object.]
- Word scoring [Counting correct words in responses.]
- Sentence scoring [Counting correct sentences in responses.]
- Phoneme scoring [Counting correct phonemes in responses.]
- Keyword scoring [Counting correct keywords in responses.]